Note: More guidance that promotes walking and cycling is listed in section 9.2 Environments for safe and sustainable transport, active mobility and physical activity.
Develop or improve transport systems that prioritize efficiency, pollution reduction and inclusiveness; and which take into account vulnerable users, use of non-motorized transportation and alternatives to private motorized transport. This includes plans for rapid urban transit transport4 and walking and cycling networks, as well as consideration of urban and regional development policies, integrated transport and spatial planning, and travel demand management (18-21).
Transport
Land use planning
Community; national
Infrastructure, technology and built environment; taxes and subsidies
UBM.TK.ZZ&UEH
Public facilities or infrastructure development to improve outdoor air quality
Transportation services, systems and policies
UBM.WJ.ZZ&UEH
Policy change concerning outdoor air quality
Transportation services, systems and policies
Shift to
cleaner lower-emission vehicles and fuels, including fuels with reduced sulfur
content, for public transport, transport of goods and services and private
vehicle users (18, 21, 22).
This may involve disincentives for the use of private vehicles.
Transport Environment
National
Taxes and subsidies; regulation; infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.VR.ZZ&UGU&UGE
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Motor vehicles
Refined petroleum products
Implement stricter vehicle emissions and efficiency standards (21).
Transport
National
Regulation
UBM.WE.ZZ&UGU
Restrictions on production or importation of products or services to improve outdoor air quality
Motor vehicles
Enforce mandatory inspection and maintenance for vehicles (21, 22).
Transport
National
Regulation
UBM.WI.QE&UGU
Restrictions through enforcement of laws or standards to improve outdoor air quality
Motor vehicles
Regulate the trade of used vehicles using for example age limits for imported vehicles and fiscal instruments such as age-based taxation, progressive excise tax based on CO2 emissions or engine size, and exemptions for specific vehicles, such as hybrid electric and electric vehicles (23).
Transport
National
Regulation
UBM.WI.QD#ISIC Group 451
Restrictions through enactment of laws or standards to improve outdoor air quality
Sale of motor vehicles
Adopt improved industrial emission standards, clean technologies that reduce industrial smokestack emissions and post-emission controls (21, 24).
Industry Environment
National
Regulation, infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.VR.ZZ#ISIC Section C
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Manufacturing
+
UBM.WI.QD#ISIC Section C
Restrictions through enactment of laws or standards to improve outdoor air quality
Manufacturing
Enforce energy efficiency standards for industries (21).
Industry Environment
National
Regulation
UBM.WI.QE#ISIC Section C
Restrictions through enforcement of laws or standards to improve outdoor air quality
Manufacturing
Improve efficiency and emission standards for brick kilns and coke ovens (21).
Industry Environment
National
Regulation
UBM.VR.ZZ
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air
quality
+
UBM.WI.QE#ISIC Class 1910#ISIC Class 2392
Restrictions through enforcement of laws or
standards to improve outdoor air quality
Manufacture of coke oven products
Manufacture of clay building products
Reduce industrial solvent emissions through leak detection, repairs and solvent recovery (21).
Industry
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.VR.ZZ&UGK&UBT
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
Land pollution
Introduce low-solvent paints (21).
Industry
National
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.VR.ZZ#CPC Class 3511
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Paints and varnishes and related products
Improve existing oil and gas production by increasing recovery and use of gas released during fossil fuel production, stopping routine flaring and improving leakage control (21).
Industry
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.VR.ZZ&UGA
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas
Improve efficiency of existing coal mining by encouraging pre-mining recovery of coal mine gas (21).
Industry
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.VR.ZZ&UGB
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Mining of coal and lignite
Transition away from fossil fuel combustion (oil, coal) for large-scale energy production, and diesel generators for small-scale production (21).
Energy Environment
National
Taxes and subsidies; regulation; infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.VR.ZZ
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
+ UBM.WG.QF&UGF&UGE&UGD
Economic incentives concerning outdoor air quality
Electricity generation and supply
Refined petroleum products
Coal and coke
UBM.WI.ZZ&UGF&UGE&UGD
Restrictions through laws or standards to improve outdoor air quality
Electricity generation and supply
Refined petroleum products
Coal and coke
Increase the use of low-emission fuels and renewable combustion-free power sources (like solar or wind); use incentives to achieve this (21).
Energy Environment
National
Taxes and subsidies; infrastructure, technology and built environment; regulation
UBM.VR.ZZ
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
+ UBM.WG.QF&UGF&UGJ
Economic incentives concerning outdoor air quality
Electricity generation and supply
Renewable energy sources
Increase reliance on the co-generation of heat and power, and distributed energy generation (e.g. mini-grids and rooftop solar power generation) (21).
Energy
National; community
Taxes and subsidies; infrastructure, technology and built environment; regulation
UBM.VR.ZZ
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
+
UBM.WG.ZZ&UGF#ISIC Group 353
Applying incentives concerning outdoor air quality
Electricity generation and supply
Steam and air conditioning supply
Waste and
wastewater management: policies and actions
Note: Further actions, interventions and solutions on waste
management can be found in chapter 4. Solid waste.
Support waste reduction, waste separation, recycling and reuse or waste reprocessing (21).
Environment Industry Waste
National; community
Taxes and subsidies; infrastructure, technology and built environment; regulation
UBM.TA.ZZ&UGS
Advocacy to improve outdoor air quality
Wastes or scraps
UBM.WG.ZZ&UGS
Applying incentives to improve outdoor air quality
Wastes or scraps
Stop open waste burning (21).
Environment Industry Waste
National; community
Regulation
UBM.VR.ZZ&UEV
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Waste collection and disposal services, systems and policies
+
UBM.WI.ZZ&UEV
Restrictions through laws or standards to improve outdoor air quality
Waste collection and disposal services, systems and policies
Improve methods of biological waste management such as anaerobic waste digestion to produce biogas, and low-cost alternatives to the open incineration of solid waste. Where incineration is unavoidable, use of combustion technologies with strict emission controls are critical (21).
Environment Industry Waste
National; community
Regulation; infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.VR.ZZ&UEV
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Waste collection and disposal services, systems and policies
+
UBM.WI.ZZ&UEV
Restrictions through laws or standards to improve outdoor air quality
Waste collection and disposal services, systems and policies
Practise landfill gas recovery (21, 25).
Environment Industry Waste
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.VR.ZZ&UEW&UGG
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Waste recycling and reuse services, systems and policies
Gas production and supply
Introduce two-stage wastewater treatment with biogas recovery (21).
Environment Water/sanitation
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.VR.ZZ&UEU&UGG
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Sewerage services, systems and policies
Gas production and supply
Reduce or ban the burning of agricultural fields and waste (21).
Agriculture Environment
National; community
Regulation
UBM.VR.ZZ&UGR
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Agriculture
+
UBM.WI.QD&UGR#ISIC class 0163
Restrictions through enactment of laws or standards to improve outdoor air quality
Agriculture
Post-harvest crop activities
Alternate wet/dry rice irrigation (21).
Agriculture
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.TA.ZZ&UGR#ISIC class 0112
Advocacy to improve air quality
Agriculture
Growing of rice
+
UBM.PN.ZZ&UGR#ISIC class 0112
Advising to improve air quality
Agriculture
Growing of rice
Improve the management of agricultural waste and livestock manure, including the capture of methane gas emitted from waste processing and waste sites (21).
Agriculture Waste Environment
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
Improve the use of nitrogen fertilizers through efficient application; for urea use urease inhibitors and/or substitute with, for example, ammonium nitrate (21).
Agriculture
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.TA.ZZ&UGR#ISIC Class 0161#CPC Group 346
Advocacy to improve outdoor air quality
Agriculture
Support activities for crop production
Fertilizers and pesticides
Adopt improved forest, land and water management and fire prevention strategies to prevent forest and peatland fires (21).
Agriculture Forestry Water
National; community
Other management and control
UBM.VR.ZZ
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
+
UBM.TM.ZZ&UED&UBF#ISIC Class 0240
Environment modification to influence outdoor air quality
Open space planning services, systems and policies
Natural events
Support services to forestry
Improve energy efficiency of homes and commercial buildings through insulation and passive design principles such as natural ventilation and lighting (21).
Housing Construction
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.TM.ZZ&UAM
Environment modification to influence outdoor air quality
Design, construction and building products and technology of buildings, unspecified
Optimize ventilation methods, siting of access roads and exercise areas in order to minimize population exposure (26).
Housing Construction Land use planning
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.TK.ZZ&UAN
Public facilities or infrastructure development to influence outdoor air quality
Products and technology of land development
Design land use and reallocation policies that reduce travel demand, shift transport modes towards non- motorized mobility options, ensure adequate access to public open space and favour more densely (compact and diverse) urban design and energy-efficient housing (18).
Land use planning
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.TK.ZZ&UAN&UEH
Public facilities or infrastructure development to influence outdoor air quality
Products and technology of land development
Transportation services, systems and policies
Consider planning or redesigning sites with reduced air pollution exposure for facilities with vulnerable populations (nurseries, schools, care facilities) (26).
Land use planning Health
Education
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.WJ.ZZ&UAN
Policy change concerning outdoor air quality
Products and technology of land development
Reduce dusts from construction and roads, for example by increasing green areas, their quality and management (21, 27, 28).
Land use planning
Construction Transport
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.VR.ZZ#ISIC Group 421
Reducing emissions to improve outdoor air quality
Construction of roads and railways
Consider mass sport events in locations and/or times when reduced air pollution is expected (26).
Health
Other sectors
National;
community
Universal health coverage
Other management and control
UBM.WJ.ZZ#ISIC Class 9311
Policy change concerning outdoor air quality
Operation of sports facilities
Consider provision of end-of-trip facilities for cycling in urban centres and at all public amenities; and design access to prioritize walking and cycling (29).
Building
Construction
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.TK.ZZ&UEH
Public facilities or infrastructure development
to improve outdoor air quality
Transportation services, systems and policies
Consider measures for reducing exposure for vulnerable populations (e.g. infants, respiratory disease patients) and people in vulnerable occupations (e.g. outdoor workers), such as providing advice on avoiding places and times with high levels of air pollution.(26).
Health
Other sectors
National;
community
Universal health coverage
Other management and control
UBM.PN.ZZ
Advising about outdoor air quality
To reduce exposure to sand and dust storms (3):
· implement wind erosion control through carefully planned expansion of green spaces;
· clean the streets in urban areas with high population density and low rainfall to prevent resuspension by road traffic as a short-term measure after intense sand and dust storms.
Land use planning Other sectors
National; community
Infrastructure, technology and built environment
UBM.TK.ZZ&UED
Public facilities or infrastructure development to improve outdoor air quality
Open space planning services, systems and policies
UBM.TM.ZZ&UEH
Environment modification to improve outdoor air quality
Transportation services, systems and policies
Raise awareness about health effects of air pollution and personal measures to reduce air pollution.
Examples include:
· promote walking, cycling and other forms of active mobility (29);
· promote healthy diets low in red and processed meat and rich in plant-based foods (30).
Health Environment
National; community
Universal health coverage
Information, education and communicatio n
UBM.VB.ZZ&VE1
Awareness raising in relation to outdoor air quality
Lifestyle behaviours
Raise awareness about vulnerable populations including children, periods with high air pollution/high ozone levels and recommended behaviour (5, 7, 26).
Examples include:
· schedule outdoor activities for the morning or evening when ozone is usually lower, and select less physically intense activities (31);
· adapt timing and intensity of physical activity to the level of air pollution (26).
Health Environment
National; community
Universal health coverage
Information, education and communication
UBM.VB.ZZ&VE1&UBI
Awareness raising in relation to outdoor air quality
Lifestyle behaviours
Time-related changes
Implement dust forecasting programmes including early warning systems and short-term air pollution action plans to alert the population to stay indoors and take personal measures to minimize exposure (3).
Health Environment
National; community
Universal health coverage
Information, education and communication
UBM.VC.ZZ&UBF
Public health surveillance in relation to outdoor air quality
Natural events
UBM.VF.ZZ
Alerting in relation to outdoor air quality